GLOSSARY

Electrical shock: An electrical shock happens when an electrical current goes along through your body, it can burn internal or external tissue and causes organ damage. Also, there are some factors that help to increase the damage like the voltage, length of time in contact with the source, type of current.[1]

Current: Is a rate of flow of negatively charged particles, called electrons. Units, Ampere. [2]

Voltage: The potential difference between two terminals in a circuit. Units, Volt. [2]

Tetanizant effect: Is the effect produce by cellular overstimulation, it produces extreme muscle contractions that could cause breakage and dislocations in bones and joints. [3]

Electrocution: It is produced by the mechanism of cellular overstimulation of vital organs, especially at the cardiac, respiratory and cerebral levels. [3]

First aid: It refers to the immediate care you should provide when a person is injured until medical treatment is available.[5]

Phase: Is the conductor that normally carries the electric current from the mains to a plug. [6]

Neutral: It is a conductor with potential 0 or potential difference 0. Its function is precisely to create an imbalance, a potential difference that allows the existence of electric current by the Phase conductor. Without the neutral, the electric current cannot be produced unless the potential difference is generated using the earth directly. [6]

Earth: It is a conductor with a protective function, the objective is to drive possible over ground voltages. It does not circulate current. [6]

WHAT IS SECURITY SAFE?
Electrical Safety consists in reducing the risk of harmful effects that may occur due to the application of a specific technique that involves the use of electrical equipment or work exposed .

When handling electrical installations, we must always be ready and trained to do so. All electrical installation or defective work equipment must be notified for repair. Only authorized and qualified personnel may operate in electrical equipment. In complex installations, documentation regarding them must be available. If an installation is modified, the documentation must be updated, indicating the date of completion. Whenever possible, perform electrical-type work without voltage. In this way we will only act with tension only in elementary operations

In case of finding fault or malfunction in an electrical equipment, it is appropriate to put it out of service, disconnect it from the power grid, signal the anomaly and report the incident for repair through the established channels.

Do not disconnect the equipment by pulling on the cables or wires. This is a very common mistake that we must be aware of that should always be disconnected by taking the plug of the connector and pulling it. It is essential not to use power tools with wet hands or feet, much less use water to put out fires where it is possible that there is electrical tension

 DEVELOP

What to do if someone has been shocked by an electrical source?

• Don´t touch it, unless you want a shock too.
• Try to cut the power off, without hurting yourself
• Call 911
• Some of them may cause cardiac arrest, use immediately CPR technique.
• Do not touch the injuries, try to cover it without making pressure, if you have black dots after the shock it means you have internal burns.

A current flow can block the electric signals between the brain and muscles. Including stopping the heart beating, muscles spams. [4]

What kind of aid do you have to provide in an electrical shock case?

In case of an electrical accident, you must activate the emergency system. You can remember the initials of these three actions Protect, Warn and Help. (P.W.H).

• Protect, both the injured and the one who will help.
• Warn, alert emergency services.
• Help, once it has been protected and notified, it will proceed to act on the injured, practicing first aid.[4]

Then you must evaluate vital signs like conscience, breathing, and pulse. Practice CPR if is need it. After you now that the person is safe and conscious, look out for more inside and outside injures, then you must wait for emergencies.

Figure 1. Physiological effects of AC.

If you look at the figure, there are several types of damage depending on the intensity and duration of the electric shock. The first 15 mA regardless of the duration generates mild cramps and is barely perceptible. Following the contractions in the limbs of the body. Problems come when there are currents 25 mA, an increase in blood pressure is manifested, in addition to strong greater than 25 mA, this is where heart problems occur, and blood pressure greater than 1A the consequences range from heart attacks to very high-level increases. We also found that there is ventricular fibrillation which causes a very abnormal heart rhythm, which in some cases can be fatal. For values higher than 1 A the consequences range from heart attacks to very high-level burns which can damage internal organs.

CLASSIFICATION AND COLORS FOR SAFETY SIGNS

Figure 2.Classification for safety signs.

Figure 3.Classification and colors for safety signs.

• Which are the most important electrical risk factor according to the resolution?

.Classification for safety signs.

Figure 4. Electrical risk factor according to the resolution.

RESULTS

ANALYSIS

Briefly describing the practice, it can be said that it consisted of measuring the alternating current voltage values ​​of the conventional power outlet. We proceeded to perform the measurements of the phase or live line vs the neutral and the earth, and in turn of the neutral vs the earth. It should be noted that it is not necessary to understand the measurement of this between a positive or a negative, since the current flows through the phase, there protons and electrons converge, the neutral is only an important element that allows to close the loop of Current flow and ground is the connection that allows to divert leakage currents, protect the circuit and ensure protection.

The measured values ​​reported by the literature are the following, between phase or live and neutral there must be a VAC of 120, between phase and earth it must have a value close to the previous reference, that is 120 VAC, and between neutral and non-earth there must be voltage, therefore it must be above 0 VAC or near.

In practice, it is possible to obtain values ​​very close to those of the reference, which gives us the indication that the connection is ideal and does not present any significant flaws.

Note: "When making measurements it is vital to have the multimeter configured for AC voltage measurement"

Live-Neutral

Neutral-Earth

Live-Earth

CONCLUSIONS

* It is important to have electrical protection and insulation elements, so as to ensure safety standards and thus avoid accidents. For this, the Colombian standard includes signaling and protection elements, as well as installation, infrastructure and conditioning standards, this is verifiable in RETIE 90708/13.

* It is vital in turn to make the connections properly, since when switching between ground and neutral can generate a false ground, this affects by noise and high frequency the electronic elements and equipment used.

* In the event of an electrical accident, consult the service manuals that allow safeguarding the status of third parties and the person involved, it is possible to review these protocols in the guides of the Colombian Red Cross. 

REFERENCES

[1]"Electric Shock: Symptoms, First Aid Treatment, Long-Term Effects", Healthline, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.healthline.com/health/electric-shock#medical-treatment. [Accessed: 04- Aug- 2019]

[2]"Introduction to electricity", Engineering.nyu.edu. [Online]. Available: http://engineering.nyu.edu/gk12/amps-cbri/pdf/Intro%20to%20Electricity.pdf. [Accessed: 04- Aug- 2019]

[3]M. Del Barrio Arjona, "Primeros Auxilios en Accidente Eléctrico", Olerdola.org. [Online]. Available: http://www.olerdola.org/documentos/PAAE.pdf. [Accessed: 04- Aug- 2019]

[4]H. Quebec, "What to do in case of electric shock", Hydroquebec.com, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.hydroquebec.com/safety/electric-shock/electric-shock-what-to-do.html. [Accessed: 04- Aug- 2019]

[5]"First Aid Basics - Lesson One", NHCPS.com. [Online]. Available: https://nhcps.com/lesson/cpr-first-aid-first-aid-basics/. [Accessed: 04- Aug- 2019]

[6]S. User, "Diferencias entre fase, neutro y tierra", Onulec. [Online]. Available: https://www.onulec.com/blog/noticias-sector-electrico/219-diferencias-entre-fase-neutro-y-tierra. [Accessed: 05- Aug- 2019]